Why do vampire bats share blood, mouth to mouth, at the end of a night of prey with members of the colony who were less successful in the hunt? Why do sentry gazelles jump up and down when a lion is spotted, putting themselves precariously between the hunt and the hungry hunter? And what do all of these have to do with morality in humans: Is there, in fact, a natural origin to our own acts of kindness?”
George Price may not be a name many people outside of evolutionary genetics will be aware of, but his findings and the life he led were of interest to me, and perhaps to those interested in timebanking and the idea of Altruism.
At the age of 44, George Price quit his job at IBM (he has previously worked on the Manhattan Project, and designed the concept of CAD Computer Aided Design) to ‘take up’ evolutionary genetics. I at the age of 39 have just ‘taken up’ making cakes, the very thought of even reading a book on evolutionary genetics makes me want to cry, so even before we get into his findings, the fact that he ‘took up’ this area of work at 44 is an inspiration to us all.
Price made three outstanding contributions to the conceptual structure of evolutionary genetics during the brief period between 1970 and 1973, he died in 1975. It has been said (by the community, yes they exist) that to make one contribution is outstanding, make three and you’re a genius. He wanted one great discovery, in fact he made quite a few.
Prices first contribution was the Price Equation a formal method for the hierarchical analysis of natural selection.
Darwin recognised the horror of suffering in nature but also that it was intrinsic to nature, that it must happen. It actually made him loose his faith. It all sounds a bit mean doesn’t it? The question is, if the world is so cruel, how do we account for acts of kindness and altruism?
George Price was looking for a question to answer and he started looking into, ‘why family?’ Why do humans, males particularly care for children? It led to wider question, why does anybody help anybody? If survival of the fittest means making babies and staying alive, then why are there examples in nature when this doesn’t happen.
Why do amoebas build stalks from their own bodies, sacrificing themselves in the process, so that some may climb up and be carried away from death?
In the 1960’s scientist started to look at altruism in another way. Imagine a flood occurring, you’re with your sister and you and your sister are both drowning, if you save your sister and die in the process, your genes are gone. However as your sister has 50% of your genes if you rescue her, 50% survives, if you save a brother as well another 50% survives, you mathematically rescue yourself. If you rescue 8 full cousins you rescue your own genome.
Price’s ‘mathematical’ theory of altruism reasons that organisms are more likely to show altruism toward each other as they become more genetically similar to each other. The theory then holds that the farther genetically removed two organisms are from each other, the less likely they are to show altruism to each other. If true then altruistic (kind) behavior is not truly selfless and is instead an adaptation that organisms have in order to promote their own genetic heritage. In other words it is ‘selfish’.
The maths has already been done. Evolution has turned the maths into an instinct. The instinct to save your family. Your instinct to save your sister should be greater than the instinct to save your cousin.
George Price came up with a mathematical equation to show why the above altruism occurs; in fact he walked into the University of London as a complete unknown, and asked “is this new?” A Professor ‘Smith’ looked at it, and gave him an honouree Professorship on the spot, as well as a job in one of the best evolutionary departments in the world. When I worked at Pizza Hut I did once suggest a recipe for a new pizza, entitled the ‘big breakfast’ containing sausage, egg and bacon. I was sacked not long after.
George Price started to consider his theory and didn’t like the results. The results being that his equation shows that if altruism can be attributed to ‘saving yourself’, to helping your genes, then the world is a terrible place. It means that there can never be an act of true selflessness.
George quit his job to prove that there was true selflessness. He started to introduce himself to the homeless, inviting them into his home, giving charity, clothes and money. Within a few months he was broke. He wrote to his friend saying ‘I’m down to my last 15p, and I can’t wait to give it away’. Perhaps he was fighting his self preservation instinct? Paradoxically George was a poor father by his own admission and couldn’t help those closest to him, his own children for example whom he had abandoned when leaving America years earlier.
Sadly George killed himself, alone and penniless in a London squat ending an amazing life in which he contributed so much, but only recently has been credited with doing so. His friends said that he killed himself due to his inability to help the homeless anymore.
William Hamilton, who identified Price’s body, has described the scene:
“A mattress on the floor, one chair, a table, and several ammunition boxes made the only furniture. Of all the books and furnishings that I remembered from our first meeting in his fairly luxurious flat near Oxford Circus there remained some cheap clothes, a two-volume copy of Proust, and his typewriter. A cheap suitcase, and some cardboard boxes contained most of his papers, others were scattered about on ammunition chests.”
George Price is buried in an unmarked grave in a Camden cemetery. I didn’t know much about George Price until a year ago but his story is one that shall remain in mind for a long time.